THE SERBIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH: PILLAR OF THE SERBIAN DIASPORA
THE SERBIAN DIASPORA THROUGH THE LENS OF THE 250TH ANNIVERSARY OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
To write even a few words about the Serbian diaspora—its history and its influence on the public life, labor, and advancement of the United States of America—especially in this jubilee year, as America celebrates the 250th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, colloquially speaking, its birthday, would be incomplete without mentioning its cornerstone: the Serbian Orthodox Church. It is impossible to record the efforts and aspirations of our people—both individuals and communities—who, through mutual unity and shared experience, have sought to build, and often to restore, strengthen, and develop a new life while preserving the essential elements of their former life and experience, both for their own generation and for those to come, without emphasizing the role of the Church. It has been, and remains, the sole guarantor of a strong community, the foundation of life, and the guardian of the Orthodox faith and our national traditions—in other words, of Serbian identity.
The First Serbian Immigrants
The Serbian community in the North American continent began with the first immigrants in the early nineteenth century. Particularly noteworthy—and exceptional in every respect—was the first known Serbian immigrant, who arrived in 1814: ΔorΔe ŠagiΔ, better known as George Fisher, or “George Ribar.” He was born into the family of a priest of the Serbian Orthodox Church. In the annals of American history, he is remembered as a customs officer and one of the leaders of the Texas Revolution (1835–1836). He occupied a distinguished place in American public, political, and diplomatic life, serving as a commissioner for the City of Houston, Texas, a judge, a member of the city council, and a major in the Texas militia. He also served on various municipal boards in San Francisco, California, and later became United States Consul to Greece.
In contrast to ŠagiΔ’s unique story, the broader history of Serbian immigration to the United States begins with Serbs who came primarily from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Weary and worn, many of them utterly exhausted, as they searched for a new home and a more secure future. Their task, as it remains the task of every diaspora community today, was to integrate into the society of their new homeland by embracing its culture and traditions, while at the same time neither forgetting nor allowing assimilation to erase the cultural, spiritual and national heritage of the homeland they had left behind—many of them forever.
In this regard, it is worth highlighting the life and legacy of Saint Sebastian of Jackson, born Jovan DaboviΔ in San Francisco, California, in 1863. He is remembered as the “first Serbian child” born in the United States. This great missionary—described by Saint Nicholai of Ε½iΔa and Ohrid as “the greatest Serbian missionary of modern times”—was a writer and preacher of the Orthodox Church. He was also the first Orthodox Christian born in the United States to be tonsured as a monk and ordained as a hieromonk. Among his many accomplishments, he is best known for building the first church of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the United States, dedicated to Saint Sava, in Jackson, California, in 1894. He also founded numerous Serbian parishes and church communities throughout the United States. Although born in America, he concluded his earthly life at Ε½iΔa Monastery in Serbia in 1940, where he was buried by Saint Nicholai VelimiroviΔ. By God’s providence, Saint Nicholai himself had been born in Serbia, and was initially buried in America, at Saint Sava Monastery in Libertyville, Illinois. The relics of Saint Sebastian were translated to Jackson in 2007, while the relics of Saint Nicholai were transferred to his native village of LeliΔ in 1991.
The Beginnings of the Serbian Orthodox Church in America
Among his many immense, diverse, and far-reaching accomplishments, the three American missions of the Holy Bishop Nicholai VelimiroviΔ stand out in particular. They best illustrate his religious, national, and socio-political work, as well as the almost prophetic character of the messages he addressed to the American people, their institutions, and the media. His first mission, in 1915, was both diplomatic and humanitarian, undertaken on behalf of the Kingdom of Serbia and the Serbian Orthodox Church. It proved so successful that, in addition to providing substantial financial assistance, the United States facilitated the organization of approximately 20,000 volunteers of Slavic origin, who later became known as “Bishop Nicholai’s Third Army.” Most of these volunteers were sent to the Macedonian (Salonika) Front during the First World War. His second mission came in 1921 and was marked by the establishment of the first American-Canadian Diocese of the Serbian Orthodox Church, for which Saint Nicholai became its first administrator. In 1926, he was succeeded by Saint Mardarije of Libertyville and All-America (UskokoviΔ), as the first bishop of the American-Canadian Diocese of the Serbian Orthodox Church. His third American mission took place in 1927, when, at the invitation of distinguished American institutions, he delivered a series of lectures at the Institute of Politics at Williams College in Massachusetts and at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in New York.
Distinguished Serbian Americans
It is also worth remembering the less widely known Serbian Americans, alongside the most celebrated figures such as Mihailo Idvorski Pupin, Nikola Tesla—whose inventions, developed in America, quite literally illuminated the world, and whose 170th Birth Anniversary is commemorated in the same year as this great jubilee of American history—and Jelena LozaniΔ Frothingham, who, following the First World War, served as the representative of the Serbian Red Cross in the United States. Working together with Pupin and Holy Bishop Nicholai, she helped save Serbian war orphans from starvation.
Among such noteworthy Serbian Americans are also the leaders of the famous Halyard Mission, known as Operation Air Bridge. The operation was led by Zvonko VuΔkoviΔ, captain of the First Ravna Gora Corps, who was ordered by General Dragoljub MihailoviΔ, known as “ΔiΔa DraΕΎa,” to construct an improvised airstrip at GaloviΔ Field near the village of Pranjani, from which stranded American airmen could be evacuated. Working together with officers of the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS)—Captain George Musulin, Captain Nick Lalich, and Master Sergeant Michael Rajacich—they carried out what is widely regarded as one of the most successful rescue operations of the Second World War, evacuating approximately 500 American and Allied airmen. In recognition of this achievement, President Harry S. Truman posthumously awarded General MihailoviΔ the Legion of Merit, Chief Commander Degree, in acknowledgment that “many American airmen were rescued and returned safely.”
In the fields of science and advanced technology, an exceptional group of Serbian scientists and engineers, known as the “Serbian Seven,” made significant contributions to NASA’s Apollo 11 program in 1969. These individuals played an important role in realizing President John F. Kennedy’s vision of landing a man on the Moon. Among them was engineer David Vuich, the youngest member of the group and the only one born in the United States. He was a prominent member of the team and is often referred to as “The Seventh Serb.” Their historic contribution was memorialized in the acclaimed 2019 documentary film Apollo 11.
Among the distinguished Serbian Americans who served in the United States federal government—and whom I had the exceptional honor of knowing personally and working with—two stand out in particular. The first is Congresswoman Helen Delich Bentley of the U.S. House of Representatives. In recognition of her tireless service to the State of Maryland, the Port of Baltimore was renamed the Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore in 2006. Before entering Congress, she had been a maritime reporter and editor for The Baltimore Sun. The second is George Voinovich, who successfully led the revitalization of the once-declining City of Cleveland before serving as Governor of Ohio and later as a United States Senator. In 1976, Voinovich Bicentennial Park, located on Cleveland’s waterfront, was dedicated in his honor.
At the request of Serbian organizations in the United States and the then Episcopal Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the United States and Canada, I accepted the position of Executive Director of the Office of External Affairs of the Serbian Orthodox Dioceses in the United States, headquartered in Washington, D.C. From 1999 to 2004, this office functioned as the sole official representation of the Serbian Orthodox Church—and thereby of the Serbian people—in the nation’s capital. With the sponsorship of Senator Voinovich, we successfully organized annual gatherings in both the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate under the title Serbian America Leadership Conference (SALC). These conferences focused primarily on the defense of Kosovo and Metohija and issues of concern to the Serbian people. Later, while serving as the Secretary of the Holy Synod of Bishops for Inter-Church and International Relations, during the March 2004 Pogrom in Kosovo and Metohija, we were able—through the assistance of Senator Voinovich and the Ohio National Guard—to help prevent the destruction of GraΔanica Monastery and Visoki DeΔani Monastery by arranging for the intervention of American military forces that were stationed in Greece.
Public Prayers
On the occasion of the Centennial Celebration of “Serbian Flag Day at the White House,” held on July 25, 2018, I was invited by Congressman Ted Poe, Co-Chair of the Serbian Congressional Caucus, in my capacity as the episcopal patron of the commemoration of that magnificent event a century earlier—when the Serbian flag flew over the White House—to serve as guest chaplain. In that capacity, I became the first clergyman of the Serbian Orthodox Church in American history to offer the opening prayer before a session of the United States House of Representatives in Washington, D.C.
The 53rd March for Life was held on January 23, 2026. The March is conducted annually in heart of Washington, D.C., as a public demonstration on behalf of the millions of unborn children whose lives have been lost since January 22, 1973, when abortion was legalized in the United States. It is traditionally held on the Friday closest to January 22. I was honored to lead the delegation of hierarchs representing the Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America. I also had the privilege, as the first bishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church, to open what was the largest March for Life to date by delivering welcoming remarks and offering a prayer for the sanctity of human life, asking that innocent children in their mothers’ wombs be protected. Following the invocation, the Vice President of the United States, J. D. Vance, addressed those gathered with his keynote remarks.
Conclusion
Our history, which continues among Serbs in the diaspora through generations born and raised abroad, has been enriched by newer and more highly educated waves of immigration, and renewed once again by those displaced from regions devastated by war. Grateful for a new opportunity and inspired by possibilities that until recently seemed unimaginable, this is the continuing history of our people and of our Church as they enter a new nation and a new era. Its enduring strength lies precisely in the fact that our “fathers and mothers of the diaspora” recognized in their hearts that faith without freedom can exist, but freedom without faith cannot endure.
Through the Church, we have been transplanted beyond time and history into the presence of eternity within the present moment. This is a new reality—something at once deeply familiar yet still in motion and continually advancing, changing, and maturing. Our history, therefore, is not static. It flourishes and is constantly renewed. The Lord Himself has chosen where to plant His vineyard, through which He continues to bestow upon us our inheritance and the well-being of His Holy Church. For He is the Lord of time and ages, the Author of History—history within history, and beyond every history, sacred and secular alike.
+ Irinej
Bishop of Washington, New York, and Eastern America
Serbian Orthodox Church
July 4, 2026
New York
Π‘Π ΠΠ‘ΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠ Π¦Π ΠΠΠ: Π‘Π’ΠΠΠΠ Π‘Π ΠΠ‘ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ Π
Π Π‘Π ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ 250. ΠΠΠΠΠ¨ΠΠΠ¦Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π Π‘ΠΠ
ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ o ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΈ Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈ 250 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, 4. ΡΡΠ»Π° 1776. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°Π½Π°, Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π±ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° – Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅. ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ Π·aΠ±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡâ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ· ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅, ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ, Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π° Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ±Π΅ ΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π±ΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π° Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅, Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅. ΠΠ½Π° ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ
Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ· 1814. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π¨Π°Π³ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΡ Π€ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ „ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π ΠΈΠ±Π°Ρ.“ Π ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅. Π£ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΎΡΠ° Π’Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ (1835–1836). ΠΠ°ΡΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π₯ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°, Π’Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ, ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ»Π°Π½ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π’Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°. Π‘Π»ΡΠΆΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π‘Π°Π½ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π·ΡΠ» Π‘ΠΠ Ρ ΠΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ.
ΠΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π¨Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠ°, Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π‘ΠΠ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π³Π°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ² Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ, Π° Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ±Π΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ – ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊ.
Π‘ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Ρ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π‘Π². Π‘Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³Π°, ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ 1863. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Ρ Π‘Π°Π½ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ, ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ²Π°Π½. ΠΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ „ΠΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅“ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π‘ΠΠ. ΠΠ²Π°Ρ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ – ΠΏΠΎ Π‘Π². ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, „Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°“, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ Π‘ΠΠ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ Π°. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ Ρ Π‘ΠΠ, Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π². Π‘Π°Π²ΠΈ, 1894. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π²Π° Ρ Π‘ΠΠ. ΠΠ½, ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΈΡΠΈ 1940. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π‘Π². ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΠΎΠΆΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π‘Π². Π‘Π°Π²Π΅ Ρ ΠΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π‘Π². Π‘Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π±Π΅Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ 2007. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π‘Π². ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ, 1991. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅.
ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π‘ΠΠ¦ Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ
ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ , ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π‘Π². ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ°. ΠΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ· 1915. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°, Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅. ΠΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π° ΡΡ Π‘ΠΠ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π°, ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎ 20.000 Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ „Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠ°“, ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ½Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ³Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°, 1921. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ²Π΅ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅, ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π‘Π². ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ. ΠΠ° ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠΎ Π³Π° ΡΠ΅ 1926. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π‘Π². ΠΠ°ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ (Π£ΡΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ), ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅. Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ 1927. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅, Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ°ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Ρ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ.
ΠΠ½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈ
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π‘ΡΠ±Π΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ , ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΠ΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠΏΠΈΠ½, ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π° Π’Π΅ΡΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ 170. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π€ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π¦ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠ°, Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΡΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π‘Π². ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π΅ Π₯Π°Π»ΡΠ°ΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΎ ΠΠ²ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎ ΠΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π» ΠΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ± ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ „Π§ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°“, Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° Π±ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ. Π£ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΈ ΡΠ° Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ (ΠΠ‘Π‘): ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 500 Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²Π°Π·Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ°. ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π₯Π°ΡΠΈ Π’ΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½ 1984. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΎ ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ „ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π΅” ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°: „ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ.”
Π£ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ „Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ° Π‘Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°“, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π»Π° ΠΠΠ‘Π-ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ „ΠΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 11“ 1969. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠΎΠ½Π° Π€. ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΡΠΌΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ Π‘ΠΠ, ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΅ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅, Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ „Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠΈ“. ΠΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ 2019. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌΡ „ΠΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 11“.
ΠΠ΅ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π₯Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ 2006. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΡΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡ „Π₯Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ“, Π½Π° ΡΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π° Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄, ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° „ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡ Π‘Π°Π½,“ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π΄, Π³ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΡ Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ 1976. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΊ „ΠΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ“, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π»ΡΠΊΠ΅.
Π£ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π‘ΠΠ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π‘Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π‘ΠΠ¦ Ρ Π‘ΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ·Π²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π‘ΠΠ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π‘ΠΠ¦ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄ 1999. Π΄ΠΎ 2004. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π‘Π΅Π½Π°ΡΡ Π‘ΠΠ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎ-Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° (Serbian America Leadership Conference–SALC), Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ ΠΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ²Π΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅, Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡ „ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°“ 2004., ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ Π³Π°ΡΠ΄Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΡ Π°ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Ρ ΠΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ.
ΠΠ°Π²Π½Π΅ ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Π΅
ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ „ΠΠ°Π½Π° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΈ,“ 25. ΡΡΠ»Π° 2018. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²Π°Π½ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π’Π΅Π΄Π° ΠΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°, Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Ρ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ, Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Π°Π½, ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π‘ΠΠ¦ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ.
ΠΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ ΡΠ΅ 23. ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ° 2026. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π·Π±ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 22. ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ° 1973. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠ°. Π‘ΠΊΡΠΏ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠΈ 22. ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π‘Π°Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ° Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ Π‘ΠΠ¦, Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏ, Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π°. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°, Π. Π. ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π³Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡΠ°, Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°Π»Π½Π° je Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°. Π’ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ Ρ. ΠΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈ „ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅“ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅.
ΠΡΠΎΠ· Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π’ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΎ Π° ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π°, Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°Π²Π°. ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π°Π±ΡΠ°ΠΎ Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄, ΠΊΡΠΎΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΠΌ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅. ΠΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½ ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°, Π°ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°, Ρ ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π½ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ .
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4. ΡΡΠ»ΠΈ 2026. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅
Π£ ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ
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